Centimeters to Pixels Converter. Centimeters to Pixels Converter is a free online tool you can use to effeciently convert centimeters (cm) to pixels (px). For web, 1 inch is equal to 96 pixels. On the other hand, you should set this PPI value if you are working with digital or print designs. More information about PPI and DPI below. Convert PPF to Lumens - Online Calculator. Home / Blog / Horticulture / Convert PPF to Lumens - Online Calculator. PPF (mol/s): Spectrum: Natural Daylight 6500K Halogen Lamp 3000K High CRI LED 6500K High CRI LED 4000K High CRI LED 3000K Low CRI LED 6500K Low CRI LED 3500K HPS 2000K CMH 3000K Fluorescent Lamp 5000K Monochromatic Red LED 650 nm. Just select DPI between predefined settings: 600, 300, 200, 150, 100, 72, or enter the necessary one, wait a few moments and save. Convert your files to the Microsoft Powerpoint format with this easy to use online PPT converter. You can convert PPTX to PPT as well as OpenOffice (ODP) or Libreoffice formats. Upload your audio you want to convert to PPT: Drop Files here Choose Files. Enter URL Dropbox Google Drive.
Styles are the main component for music reproduction in arranger keyboards.
Style files holds MIDI data and some non-MIDI data. NB: 'aus' styles are audio styles.
Style files had some years ago always sty file extension. Now a number of files extensions are used: pst (pianist); pcs (piano combo); sst (session); prs (pro); bcs (basic); fps (free play) and scp (dj style).
Beside the built-in styles additional style files can be loaded into most models. But due to some changes in the style file format during the years, styles might need conversion for use in smaller/older models.
A Yamaha Expansion Pack is a package which adds more content (voices and styles) to the keyboard.
The voices and styles are merged into a file, having a yep or ppi extension.
Some YEPs contain Registrations and/or MultiPads too. These data are not included in the 'yep/ppi' file.
License key for importing additional files.
Registrations are saved snapshots of all active keyboard settings; e.g. style, instruments. This makes it possible to set up your keyboard pressing one button.
Registrations are saved to files with rgt or reg file extension. 'reg' is an old format.
For the Tyros models Yamaha has developed utilities for converting registrations from one model to another.
More software tools for manipulation and conversion of registrations are available.
There are two different ways of changing the voices: Modifying the built-in voices or loading new voice samples.
The built-in voices can be modified, and may also work on other models. The new voice settings are saved to a file. File extensions are org; vce; liv; swv; clv; mgv; sar; ldr; and drm. Data format is MIDI.
When a built-in voice in the keyboard is loaded, the new settings are read and the voice is changed accordingly.
The latest high end arrangers, the Genos and Tyros models, will load 'real' new voices in the keyboard firmware. These voices are in files with cvn/cvd; uvn/uvd or tvn/tvd file extensions ('?vd' for drum kits); and these are not interchangeable between models.
The Music Finder gives an easy way to select the style; tempo; and intro style part for songs.
The Music Finder holds a database of song records, where this information is stored.
Each model has a preset Music Finder database. The records in this database can be modified or deleted; and new ones can be added.
Furthermore the database can be replaced with a new database file. The file extension is mfd.
Music Finder database are keyboard specific; but to some extent they can be used in 'close' models. If not, software programs can be used edit the database on your PC.
Genos introduced the Play List as a new format to replace the Music Finder; but basically the same features.
The file format is 'Tabulator Seperated Values', which make the files editable in Microsoft Excel software.
All Yamaha keyboards will read MIDI files - file extension mid. MIDI files holds data - 'the music recipe' - to the sound generator; but no 'music'.
As an extra spice to your performances one of the built-in multipads can be added.
Besides this you can load additional multipads and get even more and new 'spices'.
Multipad files have a pad or pd2 file extension. 'pad' is a file in MIDI format, while 'pd2' is an audio file link.
'pad' files can be created and edited in MIDI sequencer software.
Multipad files can be transferred from one keyboard to another; and you can replace the multipad in a style with another and save this.
usr = User data files
bup = Backup files (PSR E-models)
prg = Firmware Update File
msu = MIDI Setup File (System Reset Display)
ssu = System Setup File (System Reset Display)
Files with an ots extension are 'One Touch Setting' files for PSR 9000 only. Later models use OTS data integrated in the style file.
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Files with a vic extension are PSR 9000 voice data files.
Files with an eff extension are PSR 9000 effect data files.
Overview
The visible real world is composed of solid three-dimensional objects, which in turn are composed of smaller elements like molecules, atoms, and particles. When we try to represent this world in two dimensions on a display or in printed form, we do not have the luxury of using the same materials that the objects are made from originally. Instead, we represent the image using either formulas and graphs (vector images) or small dots called pixels (raster images).
Vector and Raster Graphics
Vector images can be resized infinitely and their size depends on the amount and complexity of detail in it, not on its linear dimensions. Digital image resolution does not apply to vector graphics for this reason.
Raster graphics, on the other hand, have a limited number of pixels to represent the image. The file stores information about the linear size of the image, the location of each pixel on the plane, and its color. The smaller the pixels -- the more pixels are fit in the space that the image occupies and the more it appears to have continuous lines. You can see this in the example images of the Water Palace (Jal Mahal, Jaipur, India). The top picture looks like a real-life palace, with smooth lines and ample detail. The bottom image is choppy, “pixelated,” and does not look like a real building. If you step away from the monitor far enough, for example, a few meters away (how far depends on your display and how good your vision is) you will start seeing the palace again, and stop noticing the pixels that it consists of.
Resolution
Digital image resolution, or simply resolution as it is usually called, is the amount of dots in the digital image per a given area or distance, such as per inch or centimeter. In some contexts, such as when talking about the capabilities of displays, this value is sometimes referred to as pixel density. Pixels or dots per inch (PPI or ppi and DPI or dpi), are usually equivalent, except that ppi refers to pixels on the screen, while dpi refers to dots on the printed media or the number of dots per a given distance or area that a printing device can produce. It is common to use dpi in both cases, but we will use ppi here to use the correct term for the resolution of digital images. Even though there are metric equivalents for these units, photographers, graphic designers, publishers and other people across the world in the industry generally use ppi and dpi.
Effective Resolution
It is useful to think of the “size” of the image as a three-dimensional value consisting of its length, width, and resolution. Width and length can be considered the linear proportions of the image, while the resolution reflects its quality. For example, the size of the first image of the cat in the illustration can be defined as 4 inches by 4 inches with a resolution of 72 ppi.
Let us reduce the “size” of this image by changing one of the variables, the resolution, to 10 dpi. The width and the length of the second image remain unchanged, but the image quality is visibly reduced — we cannot see the details clearly and some of them disappear completely, for example, the whiskers. The picture looks “choppy” and pixelated because now it has considerably fewer pixels to fill out the same linear space.
When resizing the image, one can also change its width and height proportional to resolution, meaning that the resolution will change accordingly. When you decrease the linear dimensions, the resolution will increase by the same coefficient and vice versa. For example, let us use the second photograph of the cat as our base image with a size of 4 × 4 inches and 10 ppi. Now, let us reduce the linear dimensions of width and height by half (third picture). Now we have all the pixels but twice as little space to distribute them, so this increases our resolution by 2, to 20 ppi. The smaller image looks clearer. If we inflate it to 200% (fourth picture) — we are back where we started, and our resolution is halved again back to 10 ppi. So, while the smaller image looks better, the number of pixels stays the same. From this exercise, we can see that if we have an image with a resolution that is too small for our needs, we can decrease the height and the width of the image to get a higher resolution.
When an image is used at a smaller or larger size than it was originally captured (e.g. at 300% or at 25%) and the resolution changes accordingly, this new resolution is called effective resolution. For example, the original resolution in the photo of the dancer is 36 ppi, and the linear dimensions are 5 by 4 inches. Note that we intentionally use low resolution, so that you can see the difference clearly. The highest resolution used here is 72 ppi, to ensure that you can see the difference between the images on any display. If we scale this photograph down to 50%, making it 2.5 inches wide and 2 inches high, without changing the total number of pixels in the image, then the total amount of pixels will have to occupy half the space, so the resolution will double to 72 ppi. This is similar to the cat example. While the original resolution was 36 ppi, the effective resolution of the bottom image became 72 ppi.
Resolution and Pixel Dimension
While resolution represents the number of pixels per a given unit of space, the pixel dimension is the total amount of pixels in the image. It could also mean the actual height and width of the pixel, such as 0.26 × 0.26 mm on the monitor and 0.08 × 0.08 mm on the iPhone 4 screen, for example. Here we consider the former meaning. If an image has a resolution of 72 ppi and is 2 inches by 2 inches in size (like the saffron flowers in the top illustration), then we can calculate its pixel dimension as follows:
2 inches × 72 ppi = 144 pixels
2 inches × 72 ppi = 144 pixels
Thus, our image is 144 pixels by 144 pixels.
It is easier to see the number of pixels if we scale down our image to 5 ppi, keeping the linear dimensions unchanged. As you can see from the bottom illustration, our calculations should give us a 10 × 10 pixels result. Let us check if that is, indeed, the case:
2 inches × 5 ppi = 10 pixels
2 inches × 5 ppi = 10 pixels
Just as we predicted, this image is 10 × 10 pixels. Sometimes it is more convenient to use pixels instead of centimeters or inches, for example when creating graphics for the Web.
Image Resolution for Displays and for the Web
Displays
The resolution of digital images is usually restricted by the devices that display or print these images. Computer and other displays have a maximum resolution that they can produce. Newspapers, magazines, books, and other printed media have to be printed at a specific resolution because of the specifications and limitations of the printers and print media. We will discuss printed media later but let us consider the electronic displays and their capabilities, and how this relates to the digital image resolution.
In the past, most computer displays used up to 72 ppi resolution, and it is still common to use this resolution when designing images for the web or for viewing on a computer display. This resolution was chosen because it was believed at the time that at the approximate distance from the screen that most people work at, the eye cannot differentiate between individual pixels at this resolution. The exact value for the resolution that produces this effect is now debated and it appears that this happens at a resolution higher than 72 ppi, but the fact that the effect is present is undisputed. If we move much closer to the display, we can see the individual pixels, because this effect is distance-dependent.
For the same reason, the resolution of the TV displays was even lower, since most people tend to view it at a greater distance than the computer display. With the recent popularity of smartphones and tablets, the need for higher display resolution increased, because these devices are viewed at a closer distance. Their screens are generally smaller than the computer monitors, so even with the 72 ppi an image is generally still displayed clearly, since it is viewed at less than 100% and its effective resolution is, therefore, higher.
Retina Display
Apple is using a display resolution standard on their newer devices that they call “Retina Display”. It is currently between 220 and 227 ppi for MacBook Pro, 264 ppi for the iPad, and 326 ppi for the iPhone (as of summer 2013).
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Apple claims that this resolution at viewing distances of 20, 15, and 10 inches for the above devices respectively allows the eye to approximate the image and prevents the pixels from being detected even by people with perfect vision. There is ongoing debate and research about how accurate this estimate is.
Currently, the term “Retina Display” is copyrighted by Apple in several countries. It is generally used by this company in their marketing campaigns, but many other companies are also working on increasing the resolution on their devices.
Choosing the Correct Resolution
As with all media, when designing images to be viewed on a display, including images for the Web, it is important to choose the correct resolution. We could use 240 ppi, the resolution conventionally used for photographs. Pictured is a close-up of a 2 × 2 inches image of the letter A. Do we need this amount of detail when designing for displays or the web? Will we ever look at this image so close that we could differentiate individual pixels if it is less than 240 ppi? Only some displays can show such high resolution, so high-resolution images will only waste resources on most devices because higher resolution means larger file size.
If we compare the images of the letter A with different resolutions, we will most likely see no difference between the image with 240 ppi, 120 ppi, and 72 ppi, although you may start noticing the difference at 72 ppi if you have a high-resolution display, such as one of the Retina series, or equivalent, or unless we enlarge the image. 72 ppi may be all you need for web graphics unless you want to create very complicated designs and expect your audience to use high ppi displays.
When you make graphics for the Web, do keep in mind the size of your files. As you can see from the illustration, while the 72 ppi image 2 × 2 inches long and wide takes up 67 KB, a 240 ppi image is almost double of that. When you increase the image width and height from 2 to 4 inches (with 240 ppi), the file size increases from 121 KB to 152 KB, and when you increase those to 8 inches, the size becomes 326 KB. These are just two-color images; if we use a photograph instead at 240 ppi and the dimensions of 8 × 8 inches, the file size inflates to 3.5 MB. If you have hundreds of images on your website, by increasing the resolution you may slow down your users’ browsing considerably. This is an especially serious concern if your website is aimed at an international audience, especially in countries where the internet connection is slow or expensive.
If you decide to increase the resolution and are certain that this is what you need, then it may be a good idea to ensure that the image size stays low by optimizing the graphics for the web, such as using the RGB, appropriate file format (.jpg or .png for photos, and .gif for animated images and non-photographic illustrations), cropping the image if there is extra white space, and possibly optimizing the colors when appropriate. It may be acceptable to use lower quality JPEGs, but you should test the quality first and make sure that it looks good.
Other Meanings of Resolution
When discussing the properties of displays, the word “resolution” can refer not only to the pixel density (ppi) but also to the pixel dimensions of the screen. While the pixel density is a mechanical property of the display that cannot be changed, we can usually select the pixel dimensions. This choice would depend on the available options in your Control Panel (Windows) or System Preferences (Mac), as well as on your needs. The illustration shows a sample selection on the OS X Lion for MacBook Pro.
The proportions between the width and the height of the display, also called aspect ratio, vary. They are based on the physical properties of the display and the needs of the user, this is why in the example above you can see different options such as an 8:5 aspect ratio (1440 × 900 or 1024 × 640), a 4:3 ratio (1024 × 768 or 800 × 600), et cetera.
When downloading a wallpaper, one often has a choice of image size. Generally, it is made with 72 PPI and A × B pixels wide and long, where A and B the width and the height of the display.
Choosing the Right Resolution for Print
The higher the resolution, the larger the file becomes, as explained above. Large files require more capacity to store them, more resources to process them, and more bandwidth to upload them. As with displays, each type of media also usually has a limitation on how high of a resolution can be displayed or printed, therefore, to save resources, it is a good idea to use the resolution that is not higher than the media can allow.
These days digital images are what is used in the print industry the vast majority of time. Photographs are generally taken with digital cameras and film is rarely used; graphic designers more often than not create digital images, and even illustrators and artists often make their art available in digital form for print, by scanning or photographing their work. People’s homes are often decorated with digital prints of artwork unless these people are rich enough to buy the original paintings or travel to parts of the world where the art of unknown artists is still cheap.
When digital images are being prepared for print it is important to ensure that they have the correct resolution. If the resolution of the images is too low, they will be pixilated in print, which means that the pixels that the image is made of will be too big and visible, as we saw in numerous examples above. If, on the other hand, the resolution is too large, it may slow down the processing, especially if many images are processed in a batch and the computer is not very powerful. At the moment the standards for the industry are as follows:
- Posters: 300 ppi and up.
- Magazines: 300 ppi and up.
- Photographs: 240 to 300 ppi.
- Newspapers: 100 to 200 ppi.
The resolution requirements for the image would depend on the printer, so it is better to enquire directly about the specifications required and to be prepared to produce an image of 300 ppi or higher, if necessary. This is usually not a problem with digital photographs, since most modern cameras use large files, either with high resolution or with large pixel length and height, so these images can be resized easily without losing the quality. However, one should take care to select the correct resolution, for example, while scanning images or when purchasing stock images. Some printers recommend scanning at 400 ppi if there is text on the page.
The resolution will also depend on whether you need to resize your image — the more resizing you require, the higher the resolution needs to be. If you are printing large posters or billboards, you will need to check with your printer what size (in inches or pixels) and resolution are required. Generally, if you plan to enlarge your image, you should enlarge the resolution by approximately the same coefficient.
Changing Image Resolution
Scaling an image down is generally not a problem, but increasing its dimensions using software such as Photoshop will likely produce poor results. For example, if we take a 4 × 4 inches 72 ppi image of a supermarket in Istanbul and scale it down to 10 ppi, and then try to scale the new image back up to 72 ppi, Photoshop will approximate our photo without having the exact color information, and we will get a low-quality image lacking detail as in the last picture below — we cannot see the woman’s face and we can barely guess this is a picture of a person. The file size is, however, equivalent to the original 72 ppi image, even though the quality is lacking.